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Júlio César Ribeiro Vaughan (April 16, 1845 — November 1, 1890) was a Brazilian Naturalist novelist, philologist, journalist and grammarian. He is famous for his polemical romance ''A Carne'' and for idealizing the flag of the State of São Paulo, which he wanted to be the flag of Brazil. He is patron of the 24th chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters. ==Life== Ribeiro was born in 1845, in Sabará, to American George Washington Vaughan and Maria Francisca Vaughan (''née'' Ribeiro). Initially homeschooled by his mother, he later entered a school in Minas, and, in 1862, he moved to Rio de Janeiro to ingress at the Academia Militar das Agulhas Negras. Three years later, he quit the Military School to dedicate himself to journalism. For that, he studied Latin in the Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de São Paulo and later became a teacher there. As a journalist, he founded and wrote for ''O Sorocabano'' in Sorocaba; wrote for ''A Procelária'' and ''O Rebate'' in São Paulo, and also to ''O Estado de S. Paulo'', ''Diário Mercantil'', ''A Gazeta de Campinas'' and the ''Almanaque de São Paulo'', where he published his studies on Philology. He published his polemical and heavily erotic romance ''A Carne'' (''The Flesh'') in 1888. At the time of its publication, it was panned by critics such as José Veríssimo and Alfredo Pujol. The most vehement critic, however, was the priest Sena Freitas, who wrote an article in the ''Diário Mercantil'' named ''A Carniça'' (''The Carrion''). Ribeiro, a strong anti-clericalist, refuted Freitas' critics with the series of articles ''O Urubu Sena Freitas'' (''Sena Freitas, the Vulture''). Those articles were later compiled and published under the name of ''Uma Polêmica Célebre'', in 1934. He died in 1890, a victim of tuberculosis. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Júlio Ribeiro」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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